Someone in the club shop once told me unprompted “men’s medium covers six to eleven mate, you literally can’t go wrong.” I smiled, thanked him politely and thought nope way in hell whilst I was doing it. I’ve been a 6 and I’ve been an 11, at different times in my life sure but also promise you a sock designed to suit both those feet is flattering at least one of them when it really shouldn’t be. That’s the thing no one mentions when you Google “what shoe size is men’s medium socks” at ten forty-two on a Tuesday whilst silently hoping the answer is just whatever’s in your drawer already.
The number on the packet is an average, not a fit
The truth of what happened to sizing bands over the years is this. Somebody decided they could sell the same product from one shelf instead of three if they printed “6 to 11” across the front of a multipack, and most men would buy it without thinking anything else. It’s not cynical, just lazy, and lazy and accurate have never particularly co-existed well. A UK 6 and a UK 11 are barely on speaking terms as far as shoes are concerned.
The 11 is built longer through the foot, wider across the ball and the sock needs enough stretch to get from one to the other without either feeling ridiculous.

That has to come from somewhere and it will almost always come from the bit that needs to stay put more than any other: the heel pocket.
I found this out really rubbing up against a preseason block, wearing a dodgy multipack advertised proudly in the range that gentleman quoted earlier and had boots that hit 11. By midway through the session the heel seam had rolled forward enough to start riding up my arch rather than where my heel actually is. Annoying? Hell yeah, not comforting when you’re trying to run around. Enough that I stopped, mid drill, and yanked my sock straight like a fool in front of my lads at one of my coaching sessions. Right there is the moment, a sock constructed properly to fit an 11 doesn’t suddenly start sliding because it’s been stretched to fit a size 7 too. Certain brands realised and years ago, divided that range, a smaller band and then a second, genuine 11 to 14 and the difference in fit between those and the catch all variety is night and day. Either end of that medium spectrum? The smaller range is not picking on you, it’s looking after your feet.
What actually moves during a session is volume, not length
Length is a convenient enough number to print on a pack but the thing that’s going to decide whether your sock can survive actual use is volume. How much of your foot does that arch and instep section have to cling to, and how springy is the fabric it’s actually made from? Easily the least mentioned piece of information on a sock packet because it’s far harder to quantify than “ideal for shoe size X to Y.” Been gifted socks far too loose across the top to stay put by the arch, despite being full length, that just sat there like a jumper bandage that’s decided to surrender. Had others that were technically a full size too big or small sit perfectly because the actual knit had more stretch woven into the construction. Got asked by one of the boys why my pair wouldn’t slide once mid session because his did, and mine hadn’t budged an inch all forty minutes of mostly sprints.
The real world solution and I’m just going to tell you rather than keep dodging it. Buy your actual shoe size. Not the size you hope you are down to or you think will fit in your drawer easier. If you’re sat on the fence between two sizes and the socks have actual arch support or compression features then size down, those elastics are doing work holding your foot in that shape and a tighter fit is going to help it continue doing that work rather than drooping around your ankles by lunchtime.

Size up, and really only if we’re talking plain cotton crew socks with zero meant out shaping and you don’t care about them sagging after thirty minutes.
Cotton loosens up over the course of a day wearing them and a washing machine is more than happy to do the stretching for you in a couple of washes whether you wanted it to or not.
I learned that last one thanks to a dodgy batch I picked that were flawless out of the packet but essentially ankle socks with no arch support by wash number three.
In the end none of it really matters what number is printed on the front. Your foot isn’t going to stop being shaped however your foot naturally sits just because you went and picked a sock that claims to stretch past your size. Ask whether the sock is still sitting firmly on your heel an hour after you put them on when you’ve been walking around, sprinting or even just stood on them for eight hours at your desk whatever your day looks like. Nobody’s making you wear “medium” specially. They’re just calling a shelf section, not your foot. Buy to your shoe size, if your brand does that smaller sizing around mid foot sizes take it, and quit expecting socks that fit when you’re standing up still to cope when you’ve moved around in them for hours. That right there. That’s the quick answer and believe me it’s took me embarrassingly long to figure that bit out.